综合点评

松鼠这篇与2020年12月19日“两种类型的松鼠”类似

Passage one

学科分类

题目

生物

松鼠

内容回忆

松鼠的行为如何促进seeding

参考阅读

Human Impacts on Biogeography

Biologists, who commonly study the distribution of plant and animal species in different environments-their biogeography-strive to develop interpretations or explanations of the patterns of species distribution, but these may be incorrect if the effects of human beings are not taken into consideration. In some cases, these effects may be accidental; for example, some species of rat were unintentionally transported aboard ships from Europe to the islands of the South Pacific. In other cases, species distributions may have been deliberately modified by human beings. The Polynesians in the South Pacific intentionally moved the kumara (sweet potato) to islands in that region to provide the population with a new food crop.

The relocation of species by humans (and more recently the imposition of restrictions on movement by way of national controls and world conventions) has been primarily for economic reasons and for environmental protection. For example, humans introduced Sitka spruce trees into Scotland and England from North America to use them as a timber crop. Similarly the Monterey pine tree was introduced into New Zealand in the nineteenth century from California and has become the most widely used species in the timber production industry in that country. The potato has been carried from its native home in the high Andes of South America, modified and developed into many varieties, and transported around the world because it can be used as a food crop. The plant formerly known as the Chinese gooseberry was relocated from its native China to New Zealand where an industry was established around the renamed kiwifruit.

We have extended the distribution of some species because of certain useful traits that make the species desirable beyond their former known range. For example, willows have extensive root systems, can grow relatively quickly, and are now used in several countries worldwide to stabilize river margins as a flood protection measure. The distribution of willows has therefore been influenced considerably by human use in river bank management.

The effects of introduced species can be many and varied and can include effects on the distribution of other species. For example, the North American gray squirrel was introduced into England and has now largely displaced the native red squirrel. The accidental introduction of organisms to new areas may have major pest implications. The South African bronze butterfly, the larva (immature insect forms) of which feed on buds and other parts of geraniums and similar flowers, was accidentally introduced into the Balearic Islands via imported geraniums. In its native South Africa, the distribution and abundance of the butterfly are affected in part by a native wasp that parasitizes (feeds on) the larvae. In the absence of the parasite wasp on the Balearic Islands off the coast of Spain, the butterfly has now spread to mainland Spain where its rapid spread has been accentuated by trade in garden plants and modern transport. The species has become a major pest due to the lack of a natural predator and is now causing great problems for the horticultural industry in Spain.

Human-driven changes in the distribution of some species may result in hybridization (interbreeding) with other species and so have a genetic effect. For example, the North American cord grass was accidentally introduced to the south coast of England in the early nineteenth century. It hybridized with the European cord grass and resulted in the production of a new species, which in this case is also a major pest plant of estuaries in England where it became dominant and extensive.

Information about a species distribution (prior to human modification) maybe applied in pest control programs for the introduced species. Studies of the species in its native habitat may yield information about the factors that limit or influence its distribution and population dynamics. That information may then be applied in the development of strategies to contain and control the spread of pest species. For example, information about the role of the parasitic wasp in the ecology of the bronze butterfly may be utilized in the process of finding control strategies for that species on mainland Spain.

所考词汇

Extract=remove

Vast=immense

Dramatically=significantly

                          综合点评

今天难度适中

                         Conversation1

话题分类

待补充

内容回忆

                          Conversation2

话题分类

待补充

内容回忆

                               Lecture1

话题分类

经济学

内容回忆

关于环境维护program，号召消费者自己带购物袋会怎样影响消费者的满意度以及如何改善提升

                               Lecture2

话题分类

内容回忆

                               Lecture3

话题分类

内容回忆

Task 1

内容回忆

如果学生在之前的考试中成绩不好，他们就应该被安排更多的作业以弥补自己的分数

If some students have not received enough credits because they failed previous exams, they should be given an additional assignment by their professors to make up credits.

参考答案

Sample answer:

Although I had some hesitations at first sight of this statement, I now believe that it isn’t a bad idea. Because every student is going to be good at some subjects and not that great at some others. Doing additional assignments instead of taking and failing the exams over and over again is necessary for those who really struggle with one or two subjects. Like, I really had a hard time passing the chemistry exam in the first year of my high school, and it truly was frustrating at a point. It would have been much better with a policy like this. So, I agree with it now.

Task 2

阅读

教授要改时间，女学生不同意，因为期中要到了，有很多问题要问

听力

Task 3

阅读

将玉米和扁豆种在一起，对两种植物都有利。扁豆可以为玉米提供氮元素作为养料，而玉米长得很高可以支撑扁豆的生长。

听力

Task 4

话题

小企业不扩大的2个优点：

1. 拉近和顾客的关系，根据他们的喜好提供服务

2. 想做改变更灵活，比如：可以延长营业时间

听力

综合点评

这次托福考试写作部分整体难度适中，独立写作都是重复之前的考题。

其中，综合写作考查动物类，整体难度适中，生僻词汇较少。

独立写作考查生活类话题，难度适中，重复2013/7/20号考题，学生在备考过程中有关此类话题基本都会涉及这一题。

综合写作

话题分类

生物类

考题回忆

总论点

大猩猩使用过工具的三个证据。

阅读部分

分论点一： 发现石器是黑猩猩用过的，和当今情况的一样

分论点二：石器是它们用来砸果子、坚果的，和现在黑猩猩吃的一样

分论点三：工具出现时间早于人类，所以只可能是chimps 用的

听力部分

分论点一：根据石器的大小判断，猿人也可以使用

分论点二：石器可能是用来削树根的，猿人吃树根, 也有可能吃坚果, 尽管现在不吃

分论点三：古人到处迁徙, 也许没有长期在Ivory Coast居住，但可能去过那里

解题思路

阅读和听力之间构成相反的关系，且听力按照每个分论点两个层次来处理较好，听力尽可能写的详细些。

参考范文

范文:

Both the reading and the listening discuss about whether chimpanzees used the tools. The reading affords three pieces of evidence, while the listening, through three contrary points, contends that chimps did not necessarily use the tools.

First, as the reading suggests, the stone tools which were used by chimpanzees are identical to those in society today. However, the listening points out that the ape man might have used the similar tools according to their sizes. In this case, the tools used by chimps might be wrongly attributed to apes who could employ tools. As a result, chimps perhaps did not use the tools.

Second, the reading mentions that the stone tools were used to smash fruit and nuts just as the chimpanzees now eat. The listening, on the other hand, argues that the stone tools were possibly used to cut the roots. Besides, the ape men perhaps ate the plant roots or nuts, which they do not eat now. It means that we cannot certainly decide that chimpanzees used the tools.

Third, the author further illustrates that the tools predated appearance of humans, so did chimps with the only possibility for tool use. However, the lecturer holds that ancient people traveled a lot. Maybe they didn't live in Ivory Coast for long, but they probably visited it. Thus, the signs for tool use might indicate that the tools were used by ancient people.

独立写作

话题分类

教育成长类，（重复2013/7/20）

考题回忆

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "Parents now spend too much time on determining the future things of their children; children should be allowed to make their own choices."

解题思路

写作思路：

观点：选择应该让孩子自己做未来的决定，但是父母应该给与一定帮助

正方论点:孩子自己做决定可以使他们掌握更多技巧，敢于面对挑战，职业发展的好。

让步段：父母也应该给与一定的指导和帮助，也就是在孩子做决定的时候，父母的角色是辅助孩子。

参考范文

范文：

Nowadays parents are increasingly concerned about their children’s development, spending too much time on determining the uncertain future of their children. This phenomenon is prevalent in society. However, more wisely, parents, in my opinion, should allow children to make their own choices for the future, but some necessary parental assistance should be given.

Making a decision by children themselves helps children to acquire skills better, which make them face challenges bravely for better career advancement. In this society full of competition, children should be equipped with enough experience and ability to survive and thrive in the future. If the children can decide what they desire to do, their development is likely to reach the highest level within their possibility. For example, my friend Jim, on the basis of his strengths, had the freedom to opt for a desired university for a dream major. He did spare no efforts to spend time and energy on the major, mastering relevant expertise and doing research into his field. After graduation, amid the fierce competition on the job market, he came out top by virtue of the solid foundation laid in his university years. Working with an international company, he has been recently promoted to a marketing manager with a decent salary and perks, in that he can handle numerous complicated issues through what he has learned.      

.

However, it is advisable for parents to offer some timely help if necessary. The children, especially those who have come of age, are psychologically immature or impetuous when they have to make a choice for their future. The parents, as it were, should give children some liberty but cannot go as far as to sit idle without doing anything. In some cases, children’s making a choice is not as easy as it seems, which might lead to some fearsome consequences beyond their calculation or prediction. It is on such an occasion that parents should be considerate and have a liberal attitude, affording some guidance and pointing out the potential problems. Through the discussion between parents and children, the children’s options can be practical and wise---for instance, a middle school student can avoid detours by not choosing something which is obviously unsuitable for his quality and talent. In this sense, the role the parents are playing is highly appropriate.            

In conclusion, it is better to give children autonomy to decide future development by themselves, so that what they do is to their taste and helps to unlock their potential. In spite of this, parents also should assist children to have a clear orientation, guiding them through the turmoil of life.