综合点评

本次考试阅读难度总体持平，主要围绕生命科学和自然科学话题考的比较多，大家在备考是可针对此类文章进行背景和生词的积累。

Passage

one

学科分类

题目

历史

南美一个小国家的可可豆香蕉出口带来的繁荣

参考阅读

Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture

Agriculture and fishing formed the primary sector of the economy in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century. Dutch agriculture was modernized and commercialized: new crops and agricultural techniques raised levels of production so that they were in line with market demands, and cheap grain was imported annually from the Baltic region in large quantities. According to estimates, about 120,000 tons of imported grain fed about 600,000 people; that is, about a third of the Dutch population. Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

Apart from this, being able to give up labor-intensive grain production freed both the land and the workforce for more productive agricultural divisions. The peasants specialized in livestock husbandry and dairy farming as well as in cultivating industrial crops and fodder crops; flax, madder, and rape were grown, as were tobacco, hops, and turnips. These products were bought mostly by urban businesses. There was also a demand among urban consumers for dairy products such as butter and cheese, which, in the sixteenth century, had become more expensive than grain. The high prices encouraged the peasants to improve their animal husbandry techniques; for example, they began feeding their animals indoors in order to raise the milk yield of their cows.

In addition to dairy farming and cultivating industrial crops, a third sector of the Dutch economy reflected the way in which agriculture was being modernized-horticulture. In the sixteenth century, fruit and vegetables were to be found only in gardens belonging to wealthy people. This changed in the early part of the seventeenth century when horticulture became accepted as an agricultural sector. Whole villages began to cultivate fruit and vegetables. The produce was then transported by water to markets in the cities, where the consumption of fruit and vegetables was no longer restricted to the wealthy.

As the demand for agricultural produce from both consumers and industry increased, agricultural land became more valuable and people tried to work the available land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes. In order to increase production on existing land, the peasants made more use of crop rotation and, in particular, began to apply animal waste to the soil regularly, rather than leaving the fertilization process up to the grazing livestock. For the first time industrial waste, such as ash from the soap-boilers, was collected in the cities and sold in the country as artificial fertilizer. The increased yield and price of land justified reclaiming and draining even more land.

The Dutch battle against the sea is legendary. Noorderkwartier in Holland, with its numerous lakes and stretches of water, was particularly suitable for land reclamation and one of the biggest projects undertaken there was the draining of the Beemster lake, which began in 1608. The richest merchants in Amsterdam contributed money to reclaim a good 7,100 hectares of land. Forty-three windmills powered the drainage pumps so that they were able to lease the reclamation to farmers as early as 1612, with the investors receiving annual leasing payments at an interest rate of 17 percent. Land reclamation continued, and between 1590 and 1665 almost 100,000 hectares were reclaimed from the wetland areas of Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland. However, land reclamation decreased significantly after the middle of the seventeenth century because the price of agricultural products began to fall, making land reclamation far less profitable in the second part of the century.

Dutch agriculture was finally affected by the general agricultural crisis in Europe during the last two decades of the seventeenth century. However, what is astonishing about this is not that Dutch agriculture was affected by critical phenomena such as a decrease in sales and production, but the fact that the crisis appeared only relatively late in Dutch agriculture. In Europe as a whole, the exceptional reduction in the population and the related fall in demand for grain since the beginning of the seventeenth century had caused the price of agricultural products to fall. Dutch peasants were able to remain unaffected by this crisis for a long time because they had specialized in dairy farming, industrial crops, and horticulture. However, toward the end of the seventeenth century, they too were overtaken by the general agricultural crisis.

Passage

two

学科分类

题目

生命科学-动物

动物的生物钟节律

参考阅读

Biological Clocks

Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity-sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example-are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.

When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately-but not exactly-a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted-either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also-because it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.

Passage Three

学科分类

题目

生命科学-动物

鸟类栖息地的选择原因

参考阅读

Amphibian Thermoregulation

In contrast to mammals and birds, amphibians are unable to produce thermal energy through their metabolic activity, which would allow them to regulate their body temperature independent of the surrounding or ambient temperature. However, the idea that amphibians have no control whatsoever over their body temperature has been proven false because their body temperature does not always correspond to the surrounding temperature. While amphibians are poor thermoregulators, they do exercise control over their body temperature to a limited degree.

Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. One species of North American newt is still active when temperatures drop to -2ºC while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41ºC-the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian. Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6ºC with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen. The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose. Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions).

Frog species that remain exposed to the sun despite high diurnal (daytime) temperatures exhibit some fascinating modifications in the skin structure that function as morphological adaptations. Most amphibian skin is fully water permeable and is therefore not a barrier against evaporation or solar radiation. The African savanna frog Hyperolius viridiflavus stores guanine crystals in its skin, which enable it to better reflect solar radiation, thus providing protection against overheating. The tree frog Phyllomedusa sauvagei responds to evaporative losses with gland secretions that provide a greasy film over its entire body that helps prevent desiccation (dehydration).

However, behavior is by far the most important factor in thermoregulation. The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy), heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy), and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors, which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively). Heliothermy is especially common among frogs and toads: it allows them to increase their body temperature by more than 10ºC. The Andean toad Bufo spinulosusexposes itself immediately after sunrise on moist ground and attains its preferred body temperature by this means, long before either ground or air is correspondingly warmed. A positive side effect of this approach is that it accelerates the digestion of the prey consumed overnight, thus also accelerating growth. Thigmothermy is a behavior present in most amphibians, although pressing against the ground serves a dual purpose: heat absorption by conductivity and water absorption through the skin. The effect of thigmothermy is especially evident in the Andean toad during rainfall: its body temperature corresponds to the temperature of the warm earth and not to the much cooler air temperature.

Avoidance behavior occurs whenever physiological and morphological adaptations are insufficient to maintain body temperature within the vital range. Nocturnal activity in amphibians with low tolerance for high ambient temperatures is a typical thermoregulatory behavior of avoidance. Seasonal avoidance behavior is extremely important in many amphibians. Species whose habitat lies in the temperate latitudes are confronted by lethal low temperatures in winter, while species dwelling in arid and semi-arid regions are exposed to long dry, hot periods in summer.

In amphibians hibernation occurs in mud or deep holes away from frost. North of the Pyrenees Mountains, the natterjack toad offers a good example of hibernation, passing the winter dug deep into sandy ground. Conversely, natterjacks in southern Spain remain active during the mild winters common to the region and are instead forced into inactivity during the dry, hot summer season. Summer estivation also occurs by burrowing into the ground or hiding in cool, deep rock crevasses to avoid desiccation and lethal ambient temperatures. Amphibians are therefore hardly at the mercy of ambient temperatures, since by means of the mechanisms described above they are more than able to exercise some control over their body temperature.

Passage Four

学科分类

题目

自然科学-地理

太平洋的大洋环流

参考阅读

Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880s. This region has a semiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported a low-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater). This aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians, who once inhabited the region.

The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950s onward, transformed the economy of the region. More than 100,000 wells now tap the Ogallala. Modern irrigation devices, each capable of spraying 4.5 million liters of water a day, have produced a landscape dominated by geometric patterns of circular green islands of crops. Ogallala water has enabled the High Plains region to supply significant amounts of the cotton, sorghum, wheat, and corn grown in the United States. In addition, 40 percent of American grain-fed beef cattle are fattened here.

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate-that is,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply-has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980.

The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. Others, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region's water supplies.

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets. Somewhat more promising have been recent experiments for releasing capillary water (water in the soil) above the water table by injecting compressed air into the ground. Even if this process proves successful, however, it would almost triple water costs. Genetic engineering also may provide a partial solution, as new strains of drought-resistant crops continue to be developed. Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

Passage

Five

学科分类

题目

社会科学-历史

中世纪欧洲城镇特点

参考阅读

Memphis: United Egypt’s First Capital

The city of Memphis, located on the Nile near the modern city of Cairo, was founded around 3100 B.C. as the first capital of a recently united Egypt. The choice of Memphis by Egypt`s first kings reflects the site`s strategic importance. First, and most obvious, the apex of the Nile River delta was a politically opportune location for the state`s administrative center, standing between the united lands of Upper and Lower Egypt and offering ready access to both parts of the country. The older predynastic (pre-3100 B.C.) centers of power, This and Hierakonpolis, were too remote from the vast expanse of the delta, which had been incorporated into the unified state. Only a city within easy reach of both the Nile valley to the south and the more spread out, difficult terrain to the north could provide the necessary political control that the rulers of early dynastic Egypt (roughly 3000–2600 B.C.) required.

The region of Memphis must have also served as an important node for transport and communications, even before the unification of Egypt. The region probably acted as a conduit for much, if not all, of the river-based trade between northern and southern Egypt. Moreover, commodities (such as wine, precious oils, and metals) imported from the Near East by the royal courts of predynastic Upper Egypt would have been channeled through the Memphis region on their way south. In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm, an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.

Equally important for the national administration was the ability to control communications within Egypt. The Nile provided the easiest and quickest artery of communication, and the national capital was, again, ideally located in this respect. Recent geological surveys of the Memphis region have revealed much about its topography in ancient times. It appears that the location of Memphis may have been even more advantageous for controlling trade, transport, and communications than was previously appreciated. Surveys and drill cores have shown that the level of the Nile floodplain has steadily risen over the last five millenniums. When the floodplain was much lower, as it would have been in predynastic and early dynastic times, the outwash fans (fan-shaped deposits of sediments) of various wadis (stream-beds or channels that carry water only during rainy periods) would have been much more prominent features on the east bank. The fan associated with the Wadi Hof extended a significant way into the Nile floodplain, forming a constriction in the vicinity of Memphis. The valley may have narrowed at this point to a mere three kilometers, making it the ideal place for controlling river traffic.

Furthermore, the Memphis region seems to have been favorably located for the control not only of river-based trade but also of desert trade routes. The two outwash fans in the area gave access to the extensive wadi systems of the eastern desert. In predynastic times, the Wadi Digla may have served as a trade route between the Memphis region and the Near East, to judge from the unusual concentration of foreign artifacts found in the predynastic settlement of Maadi. Access to, and control of, trade routes between Egypt and the Near East seems to have been a preoccupation of Egypt`s rulers during the period of state formation. The desire to monopolize foreign trade may have been one of the primary factors behind the political unification of Egypt. The foundation of the national capital at the junction of an important trade route with the Nile valley is not likely to have been accidental. Moreover, the Wadis Hof and Digla provided the Memphis region with accessible desert pasturage. As was the case with the cities of Hierakonpolis and Elkab, the combination within the same area of both desert pasturage and alluvial arable land (land suitable for growing crops) was a particularly attractive one for early settlement; this combination no doubt contributed to the prosperity of the Memphis region from early predynastic times.

Passage

Six

学科分类

题目

自然科学-天文

木星卫星冰层下的海洋

参考阅读

Running Water on Mars

Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems-sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length-of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.

Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped "islands" (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous-perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.

Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta-a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin' rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.

These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

Aside from some small-scale gullies (channels) found since 2000, which are inconclusive, astronomers have no direct evidence for liquid water anywhere on the surface of Mars today, and the amount of water vapor in the Martian atmosphere is tiny. Yet even setting aside the unproven hints of ancient oceans, the extent of the outflow channels suggests that a huge total volume of water existed on Mars in the past. Where did all the water go? The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet' polar caps.

综合点评

6.19日托福听力部门据考生回忆“逆天难”！

                         Conversation

话题分类

论文场景

内容回忆

学生来找老师来问自己的essay的引证的方法。老师提到有两种引证的方法，一种是Chicago格式的，另外一种是MLA格式的。

                          Conversation

话题分类

校园生活

内容回忆

学生去了一个天文馆，他不知道天文馆本来就在学校，管理员就说实际上他们作了很多宣传。学生想写科幻小说，想了解一下其他的星球，一开始管理员给他推荐是太阳系，但是这个是给小孩子准备的，后来又给他推荐了另一个，然后他就同意了。

                               Lecture

话题分类

生物学

内容回忆

海蛇为什么能在海里面渴不死？它到底是喝咸水还是淡水。

                               Lecture

话题分类

经济学

内容回忆

经济带来的污染的三个解决方案：调节税、奖励消费者和回收利用。

                               Lecture

话题分类

环境学

内容回忆

古埃及的壁画上的出海的场面，埃及人有没有在海里进行航行，证据是有木头被海水特有的虫子腐蚀了；

                              Lecture

话题分类

地球科学

内容回忆

地球科学

                             Lecture

话题分类

艺术

内容回忆

通过衣服、年龄、木框年代，推测一副莎士比亚肖像画是不是他本人。

                             Lecture

话题分类

环境学

内容回忆

化学，聚合物和塑料回收

综合点评

这次托福考试写作部分整体难度中等偏上。

其中，综合写作考查植物mangroves红树林的爱护方法，难度适中。

但是，独立写作考查偏难，出现一道全新题目。

综合写作

话题分类

植物类（讨论methods to protect mangroves）

考题回忆

总论点

背景信息包括，红树林是生长在水边的一种植物，它给人类带来很大的一个作用，即可以抵挡热带风暴。但是现在的一些人类活动，比如说养虾场也破坏了红树林。阅读文章提到了三种爱护红树林的方法。

阅读部分

分论点一：把螃蟹用网子给围起来，因为螃蟹会吃掉红树林的种子。用网子围起来之后，螃蟹就不会再来吃红树林的种子了control animals that damage the mangroves (e.g. removing crabs);

分论点二：有些国家有很多红树林都是被养虾农场里面的虾给吃掉的。因此政府government要求这些养虾农场改用其他的方法来养虾。文章提到了一种方法，就是把养虾农场shrimp farms改到湿地去养；

分论点三： 政府努力去恢复整个的红树林的生态环境，关键是恢复红树林当地的土壤质量improve the quality of soils。

听力部分

分论点一： 其实螃蟹与红树林共存了几千年。螃蟹是会给红树林来提供养料的，并且它既会帮助红树林挖坑也会帮助红树林的根触及到营养。crabs and mangroves help each other (e.g., crabs dig holes to allow mangroves to absorb nutrients through their roots);

分论点二： 养虾农场会产生大量的废水，这些废水还会被排放到附近的河流或者溪流当中，而这些废水也仍然会破坏当地的红树林。waste water produced damages streams and ecosystems around mangroves；

分论点三： 红树林的生长是非常需要氧气oxygen，而只有红树林在这里生长的时候，土壤当中才能充满氧气。而一旦红树林消失了之后，哪怕我们改善土壤质量，土壤当中也没有氧气了，我们修复之后，红树林也没有办法再在这片土地生长了。

解题思路

1. 确定听力材料与阅读文章的关系（反驳）

2. 灵活使用写作模板，点对点进行比较

3. 注意动词时态的准确使用

参考范文

While both the reading passage and the lecture discuss the same topic about the possible methods to protect the mangroves, the lecturer challenges the three theories presented in the reading. (28 words)

First, the reading states that the farmers should control animals that damage the mangroves (e.g., removing crabs by trapping them in a net), because these animals can eat up the leaves of the mangroves. The professor, however, refutes this explanation, claiming that these crabs and mangroves can help each other. For example, the crabs dig holes to allow the mangroves to absorb nutrients through their roots. (57 words)

Second, the reading passage demonstrates the shrimps in the farm can eat up the mangroves in some countries. Therefore, the government should require these farmers to develop their shrimp culture in other ways. One example is the shrimp farms need to be relocated into the wetland. In contrast, the lecturer contends waste water produced by the farms would be emitted into the rivers or streams nearby and would damage the eco-systems around the mangroves. (67 words)

Finally, the reading says that the government should try to recover the entire natural environment of the mangroves and the key is to improve the quality of soils. The professor, nevertheless, argues against this view by mentioning the growth of the mangroves actually needs much oxygen and the soils would be full of oxygen only via the mangroves growing up in this land. (58 words)

(210 words)

独立写作

话题分类

历史是否能帮助解决现在和未来的问题

考题回忆

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: In order to solve the problems of the present and future, it is necessary to review and understand the past.

解题思路

写作思路：

要点：这道题目可以从分析历史入手，我们把历史进行拆分，发现历史包括了人物传记、科学发明、政策规则、战争、疾病、饥荒等。根据这些可以想到历史给人类带来成功的经验、失败的教训、和发展前进的动力等。如果选择不回顾历史，那么可以考虑现在和过去的区别，例如意识不同、科技发展水平不同、经济水平状况不同等。全篇文章即可以选择“一边倒”结构，也可以选择“折中式”，本次采取“一边倒”结构来构思全文展开。

         观点：

         模式一

         总论点：同意题目观点

         分论点一 ：可以学习成功经验；

         分论点二： 可以避免同样的错误；

         分论点三：可以获得取得成绩的动力。

         模式二

         总论点：反对题目观点

         分论点一：可以用更先进的方式解决（例如，科技）；

         分论点二：可以考虑符合现在的情况（例如，经济水平）；

         分论点三：可以考虑符合新要求（例如，人类意识的改变）。

参考范文

People nowadays are confronting all kinds of problems every day and how to solve them could be very critical for individuals to enjoy their present and future. Therefore, it is natural for people to pay much attention to tackling their problems. Some people claim that it is more significant for people to use the latest approaches to resolving problems rather than obtaining inspirations from the history. However, from my perspective, it is a better way of addressing issues by learning from the past. (83 words).

To begin with, the past could provide people in modern society with appropriate experiences. For example, in 1978, China proposed and adopted the policy of reform and opening-up and in 1980 the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was launched by the state government. In order to improve the living standards of the Chinese people and enhance the national economy, Deng Xiaoping implemented this policy. This policy successfully provided the Chinese people with booming job opportunities and salary. With an increase of income for every Chinese family, the demands for products and services improved as well, which finally pushed the nation forward. This could be a great lesson for the mankind all around the world when they meet up with a similar situation. However, if understanding the past is underestimated, people may have to come up with their own ideas every time, which may not surely bring the satisfactory results. Thus, studying the history could offer great help in addressing the contemporary issues. (161 words)

Furthermore, the lessons from the previous years could enable individuals to avoid making the same mistakes. For instance, when my elder brother was about to take the national examinations to the Chinese colleges, he was solely attracted by a well-known university and kept telling himself that this was his only dream university. The obsession was so intense that he ignored other famous universities nationwide. Unfortunately, after taking the exams, he ended up with being admitted to a university which was not as prestigious as he had wanted. This experience could demonstrate that students should be more flexible and be open to more choices or possibilities, which could actually bring them a better result than they have originally thought. By contrast, not having this lesson may increase the chance of making the same errors, because it is human nature to be obsessed with something they prefer and forget about their other choices. (151 words)

Last, people could attain motivations from the history. It is typical that solving a problem is never easy and sometimes it may take a long time and much money. One example is that in order to be enrolled in a prestigious university worldwide, a Chinese student usually takes years of efforts. To be more specific, Chinese students need to get a satisfactory mark in TOEFL in Grade 9 and obtain a good score in ACT or SAT in Grade 10. What’s more, they also need to work hard on AP exams so that they should not fall behind among peers on campus. After completing all the tasks effectively, students will still need to prepare all types of essays, interviews, and subject competitions, etc. for application procedures. Without strong motivations, it may be difficult for any teenager to preserve in their attempts and those role models in the past could actually help them keep motivated and self-confident, since the past was full of successful historical cases. Just as an old saying goes that one minute’s brilliant performance on the stage takes a decade’s practice under the stage. Learning about the hard work that those historical figures had put in before they obtained their achievement could encourage the modern students to keep calm and carry on. (214 words)

In conclusion, since the historical events could provide people with the lessons, experiences and motivations, it is vital for people to learn from the past to solve the problems at present. (31 words)

(640 words)